Design optimisation of electromagnetic devices using continuum design sensitivity analysis combined with commercial EM software

This paper deals with two types of optimisation problems: optimised source distribution and the shape optimum design, using Continuum Design Sensitivity Analysis (CDSA) in combination with standard electromagnetic (EM) software. Fast convergence and compatibility with existing EM software are the distinctive features of the proposed implementation. In order to verify the advantages and also to facilitate understanding of the method itself, two design optimisation problems have been tested using both 2D and 3D models: the first is a MRI design problem related to finding an optimal permanent magnet distribution and the second is a pole shape design problem to reduce the cogging torque in a BLDC

The implications of the use of composite materials in electromagnetic device topology and shape optimization

The use of soft magnetic composites (SMCs) provides electromagnetic device designers with serious challenges. While such materials have the potential of allowing novel 3-D topologies to be used, as well as providing major advantages in recycling at the end of the lifetime of the device, little or no design experience exists in this area. This paper proposes the use of sensitivity based topology optimization as a methodology for assisting designers in this task

Effect of foliar spraying mixed with Fish Amino Acids (FAA) and Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN) extract on growth, yield and quality of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

Foliar spraying with mixed Fish Amino Acids (FAA) and Oriental Herbal Nutrients (OHN) extract are essential elements for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) growth and development, production and significantly increase lycopene and total soluble solids content without degrading the natural resources. The mixture of F3O3 (3ml.l-1 of FAA + 3ml.l-1 of OHN) shows the highest vine length, internode length and number of leaves with 601.6 cm; 27.4 cm and 129.3 at 60 DAT respectively,while the control (F0O0) was 402.8 cm; 23.4 cm and 97.2 respectively. Highest yield (ton.ha-1) and fruit length (cm) were recorded under F3O3 with 82.0 ton.ha-1 and 42.1 cm respectively, where the control (F0O0)was 53.3 ton.ha-1 and 33.6 cm respectively. The high concentration of FAA in a mixture had negative effect on total soluble solids content but their effects were positive in lycopene content while the high concentration of OHN had a positive effect on the total soluble solids content in brix percentage and less effect on Lycopene content. The highest brix content were 14.2 in F1O3 followed by 14.1 in F1O2, the least found in F3O1 with 12.6. The lycopene content were high in F3O3 (105.91μg.g-1) followed by F3O2 (105.04μg.g-1) where the least were (38.26μg.g-1) F3O3 fresh weight. Keywords: Watermelon; Fish Amino Acids; Oriental Herbal Nutrients and Bio stimulan

Research on sea level rise due to global warming in the Nortwestern Pacific using a non-Boussinesq numerical model

To study the seawater volume change due to the warming of the oceans, this work adapts the Modular\ud Ocean Model Version 4 (MOM4) oceanic general circulation model, which does not consider the Boussinesq\ud approximation, to regional model. Simulation data of Climate Model 2.1 (CM2.1), the Hadley Center Coupled Climate\ud Model 3 (HADCM3), and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3.2 (MIROC3.2), provided by the\ud Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), were used as initial and boundary values, and the Special Report\ud on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B and B1 were selected as the global warming scenarios. The Northwestern Pacific\ud region, which includes Korea, was selected as the study area, and the Yellow Sea, which has a complex coastline, was\ud expressed in detail by increasing the resolution. The average values of the results for the three experiments include a\ud temperature/sea level increase of approximately 3 ??C/35 cm from 2000 to 2100 in SRES A1B, and approximately 2 ??C\ud /27 cm in SRES B1. The East Sea experienced a larger change owing to the steric effect and showed a larger influence\ud resulting from density changes as the temperature of the Tsushima Warm Current, which passes through the Korea\ud Strait, increased. The result of the study that directly considered the steric effect predicted a higher sea level rise than\ud that of indirect computation because the indirectly computed dynamic height was eliminated; sea level rise in a shallow\ud area cannot be computed, and the unchanged volume serves as undersea pressure. Moreover, the Kuroshio Current,\ud which is a major current in the Northwestern Pacific, showed a decrease in transport as global warming progressed.\ud Despite the differences between models, a decrease of 4???5 SV in transport was observed for 2100; however, there was\ud no notable change in the transport of the Tsushima Warm Current

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Recently, rainwater composition affected by atmospheric pollutants has been the topic of intense study in East Asia because of its adverse environmental and human health effects. In the present study, the chemical composition and organic compounds of rainwater were investigated from June to December 2012 at Gwangju in Korea. The aim of this study is to determine the seasonal variation of rainwater chemical composition and to identify possible sources of inorganic and organic compounds. The volume-weighted mean of pH ranged from 3.83 to 8.90 with an average of 5.78. Of rainwater samples, 50 % had pH values below 5.6. The volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) of major ions followed the order Cl- > SO4 2- > NH4+ > Na+ > NO3- > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. The VWMC of trace metals decreased in the order Zn > Al > Fe > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr. The VWMCs of major ions and trace metals were higher in winter than in summer. The high enrichment factors indicate that Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd originated predominantly from anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis (principal component analysis) indicates the influence of anthropogenic pollutants, sea salt, and crustal materials on the chemical compositions of rainwater. Benzoic acids, 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, phthalic anhydride, benzene, acetic acids, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, benzonitrile, acetaldehyde, and acetamide were the most prominent pyrolysis fragments for rainwater organic compounds identified by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results indicate that anthropogenic sources are the most important factors affecting the organic composition of rainwater in an urban area. © 2015 Author(s)open

The influence of the aortic valve angle on the hemodynamic features of the thoracic aorta

Since the first observation of a helical flow pattern in aortic blood flow, the existence of helical blood flow has been found to be associated with various pathological conditions such as bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, and aortic dilatation. However, an understanding of the development of helical blood flow and its clinical implications are still lacking. In our present study, we hypothesized that the direction and angle of aortic inflow can influence helical flow patterns and related hemodynamic features in the thoracic aorta. Therefore, we investigated the hemodynamic features in the thoracic aorta and various aortic inflow angles using patient-specific vascular phantoms that were generated using a 3D printer and time-resolved, 3D, phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI). The results show that the rotational direction and strength of helical blood flow in the thoracic aorta largely vary according to the inflow direction of the aorta, and a higher helical velocity results in higher wall shear stress distributions. In addition, right-handed rotational flow conditions with higher rotational velocities imply a larger total kinetic energy than left-handed rotational flow conditions with lower rotational velocities.115Ysciescopu